Work stoppages due to illness

The terms and conditions of employer-initiated counter-inspections have finally been set!

  As the saying goes: better late than never… Since 2008, Article L. 1226-1 of the French Labor Code, which institutes the medical counter-inspection procedure, has referred the determination of its modalities to a decree. However, we had to wait for Decree 2024-692 of July 5, 2024, whose provisions came into force on July 7, to find out the content of this decree. However, articles R. 1226-10 to R. 1226-12 of the Labor Code, which it introduces, essentially enshrine the solutions previously adopted by the French Supreme Court.  

  • A long-standing possibility of employer-initiated counter-medical examinations

As a reminder, since May 1, 2008, article L. 1226-1 of the French Labor Code has allowed employees with at least one year’s seniority to benefit from additional pay in addition to daily allowances, in the event of sick leave. In return for this compulsory salary support, the legislator has given the employer the right to have a medical check-up carried out from the 1st day of absence.  

  • Information to be provided by the employee

The new article R. 1226-10 of the French Labor Code now stipulates that the employee must inform the employer, as soon as the work stoppage begins, and whenever there is a change in : – his or her resting place, if different from his or her home, – and, if he or she benefits from a work stoppage marked “sortie libre” (“free leave”), the times at which the counter-visit mentioned in article L. 1226-1 may be carried out. No provision is made, however, in the event that the employee fails to provide this information, which raises the question of the timing of the follow-up visit in the event of a work stoppage marked “sortie libre” (“free leave”). However, it could be argued that the employee alone should bear the consequences of failing to inform his employer if he is absent at the time of the follow-up visit (including the suspension of payment of IJSS and supplementary employer benefits).  

  • Practical details of the counter-inspection

The second visit is carried out by a doctor appointed by the employer, who gives an opinion on whether the employee’s absence from work is justified, including its duration (article R. 1226-11 of the French Labor Code). The second visit is carried out at any time during the work stoppage, at the doctor’s discretion: – Either at the employee’s home, or at the place communicated by the employee in application of article R. 1226-10 of the French Labor Code; – Or, and this is a new feature, at the doctor’s office, when summoned by the doctor, by any means that confers a date certain to the summons. If the employee is unable to come to the doctor’s office, notably because of his or her state of health, he or she must inform the doctor of this fact, specifying the reasons.  

  • The employer must inform the employee without delay of the result of the counter-inspection.

1.
Au terme de sa mission, le médecin informe l’employeur (article R. 1226-12 du Code du travail) : – Soit du caractère justifié ou injustifié de l’arrêt de travail, – Soit de l’impossibilité de procéder au contrôle pour un motif imputable au salarié, tenant notamment à son refus de se présenter à la convocation ou à son absence lors de la visite à domicile.
Cette information est faite par le médecin sans préjudice de l’obligation résultant de l’article L 315-1, II du CSS, obligeant le médecin mandaté par l’employeur, lorsqu’il conclut à l’absence de justification d’un arrêt de travail ou fait état de l’impossibilité de procéder à l’examen de l’assuré, à transmettre son rapport au service du contrôle médical de la caisse dans un délai maximal de 48 heures.
Au vu de ce rapport, ce service peut soit demander à la caisse de suspendre les indemnités journalières de Sécurité sociale, soit faire procéder à un nouvel examen médical de l’intéressé par le médecin mandaté par l’employeur.
Ce nouvel examen est de droit si le rapport du médecin précise qu’il a été dans l’impossibilité de procéder à la contre-visite médicale.   2.
Dès qu’il a connaissance des résultats de la contre-visite par le médecin qu’il a mandaté, l’employeur doit les transmettre sans délai au salarié.
Si le texte ne prévoit pas les modalités de transmission par l’employeur, la prudence impose à notre sens – pour une question de preuve – de procéder par LRAR, a fortiori si le médecin conclut au caractère injustifié de l’arrêt ou à l’impossibilité de procéder au contrôle pour un motif imputable au salarié.
Il pourrait également être opportun de rappeler à ce dernier les conséquences engendrées par le constat du médecin, celles-ci n’étant pas neutres en cas de contrôle « négatif ».
En effet : – Si le salarié est considéré comme responsable de l’impossibilité du contrôle, il perd le bénéfice des indemnités complémentaires de maladie pour la période postérieure à la visite, ainsi que cela a précédemment été jugé par la Cour de cassation (Cass. soc. 9 juin 1993, no 90-42.701) ; – En outre, si le médecin ayant effectué la contre-visite estime que l’arrêt maladie n’est pas ou plus justifié, le salarié doit reprendre le travail.
S’il refuse et décide de s’en tenir aux prescriptions de son médecin traitant, il ne commet pas de faute, mais est privé du maintien de salaire à compter de la date de la contre-visite (Cass. soc. 28 novembre 2000 n° 98-41.308).
Il peut alors solliciter un nouvel examen et, éventuellement, une expertise judiciaire (Cass. soc. 17 février 1993 n° 88-44947).   While the decree could certainly have been more comprehensive, if only in terms of the consequences of such checks, about which it is regrettably totally silent, its entry into force does have the merit of highlighting the obvious benefit to companies of carrying out such counter-inspections. A genuine tool in the fight against abusive absenteeism, statistics show that 35% of inspections lead to the suspension of supplementary benefits. At a time when the financial repercussions of absenteeism are real for many companies, such a measure is clearly not to be overlooked.

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